Every term, quoted and cited.
The specification controls.

Activity ≠ Outcome

Activity records what was done; Outcome records an evaluated consequence, so completing an Activity, even exactly as planned, is not evidence that the intended change occurred. 04 §13.2

Actor ≠ Subject

An Actor is the entity responsible for performing the action; a Subject is what that action or expression concerns. 02 §3.2

Actor ≠ Participant

Acting is about responsibility for an action, while participating is about taking part in a bounded context; one Person may be both at once. 01 §3.1

Agency ≠ Authority

Agency is whether an entity can perform an action; Authority is whether it may perform that action in the relevant context. 01 §8.3

Assertion ≠ Evaluation

An Assertion is a conclusion adopted under an authority basis and acceptance boundary; an Evaluation records only that an evaluator applied criteria and obtained a result. 04 §10.6

Authority ≠ Capability

Authority is permission to perform an operation in context; Capability is what an entity can credibly do, and technical ability never implies permission. 04 §20.1

Canonical state ≠ Projection

A Projection is a non-authoritative view assembled from canonical state; it may be stale or incomplete without changing the canonical record it represents. 04 §3.5

Canonical state ≠ Derived state

Derived state is reasoning about canonical inputs; storing it durably for audit or collaboration does not make it canonical. 04 §3.3

Canonical state ≠ Operational state

Operational state organizes work and may reference canonical objects, but it does not become an authority because applications depend on it. 04 §3.4

Capability ≠ Capacity

Capability says what an entity can credibly do; Capacity says how much of it is actually available under stated conditions. 01 §4.3

Claim ≠ Observation

A Claim is a proposition attributed to a source; an Observation records what was perceived or measured, and neither substitutes for the other. 04 §10.6

Claim ≠ Evidence

A Claim is the proposition; Evidence is information that supports or challenges it and remains a distinct record with its own provenance. 04 §10.3

Commitment ≠ Intent

A Commitment converts a possible contribution into accountable obligation; an Intent only expresses a desired future condition and binds no one to contribute to it. 04 §9.1

Commitment ≠ Recommendation

A Commitment is an authoritative act by a participant taking responsibility; a Recommendation is machine reasoning about what might be done and cannot stand in for that act. 01 §6.5

Commitment ≠ Formation

A Commitment establishes one participant's accountable obligation; a Formation establishes the coordinated structure that can emerge once sufficient Commitments, governance and authority are in place. 04 §30.3

Configuration ≠ Formation

A Configuration is derived reasoning about what might work; a Formation records what has actually assembled under sufficient Commitment and governance. 04 §12.2

Contextual Role ≠ Domain Type

A contextual role describes how an entity participates in a particular context; a domain type describes what it is understood to be within a domain. 03 §8.2

Contextual Role ≠ Identity

Roles change across contexts and over time while identity endures, so a role is never a permanent identity attribute. 02 §9.2

Domain Type ≠ Foundational Kind

A domain type specializes what an entity means within a domain without redefining its stable Foundational Kind. 04 §6.3

Evaluation ≠ Evidence

An Evaluation records the application of criteria to inputs and its result; Evidence is among those inputs and is not itself a conclusion. 04 §10.6

Evidence ≠ Observation

Evidence is information used in relation to a proposition; an Observation records what was perceived or measured and may become one source of Evidence. 04 §10.3

Formation ≠ Proposal

A Formation is established through a governed canonical transition; proposing one communicates a prospective arrangement without creating it. 04 §12.2

Formation ≠ Recommendation

A Formation is canonical state created at an establishment boundary; a Recommendation is a derived suggestion with no authority to establish it. 04 §12.2

Formation ≠ Formation Readiness

A Formation exists only once it has been established; Formation Readiness is a derived assessment that conditions appear sufficient, and no readiness score can bypass the establishment boundary. 04 §12.2

Formation ≠ Outcome

A Formation establishes the coordinated structure that can act; an Outcome records the evaluated consequence of what was done, so establishing a Formation is not achieving an Outcome. 04 §30.3

Foundational Kind ≠ Identity

Foundational Kind says what fundamentally different kind of thing an entity is; Identity says which enduring thing it is. 02 §2.1

Map ≠ Model

A Map is a projection or visualization of part of the Model; the Model is the underlying semantics and state from which many maps are produced. 01 §1.1

Offer ≠ Seek

An Offer expresses what a participant is willing to make available; a Seek expresses what it wishes to obtain or make possible. 01 §5.2

Participant ≠ Subject

A Participant takes part in a bounded context; a Subject is merely what an expression concerns, so a watershed a Formation aims to improve is not thereby a Participant. 02 §3.3